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JRuby

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">JRuby</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Oliver Nutter, Thomas Enebo, Ola Bini and Nick Sieger</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">2001 (2001)</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">9.4.12.0

/ 11 February 2025 (2025-02-11)<a href="#cite_note-release-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/jruby/jruby">github.com/jruby/jruby</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> and <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ruby programming language interpreter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a>/<a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>/<a href="GNU_Lesser_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Lesser Public License">LGPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jruby.org">www.jruby.org</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

JRuby is an implementation of the <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby programming language</a> atop the <a href="Java_Virtual_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Virtual Machine">Java Virtual Machine</a>, written largely in <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. It is <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> released under a three-way <a href="Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a>/<a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>/<a href="GNU_Lesser_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Lesser Public License">LGPL</a> license. JRuby is tightly integrated with <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> to allow the embedding of the interpreter into any Java application with full two-way access between the Java and the Ruby code (similar to <a href="Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a> for the Python language).

JRuby's lead developers are Charles Oliver Nutter and Thomas Enebo, with many current and past contributors including <a href="Ola_Bini" title="Ola Bini">Ola Bini</a> and Nick Sieger. In September 2006, <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> hired Enebo and Nutter to work on JRuby full-time.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In June 2007, <a href="ThoughtWorks" class="mw-redirect" title="ThoughtWorks">ThoughtWorks</a> hired Ola Bini to work on Ruby and JRuby.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

In July 2009, the JRuby developers left Sun to continue JRuby development at <a href="Engine_Yard" title="Engine Yard">Engine Yard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-engineyardmove-4">[4]</a> In May 2012, Nutter and Enebo left Engine Yard to work on JRuby at <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-redhatmove-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

JRuby was originally created by Jan Arne Petersen, in 2001. At that time and for several years following, the code was a direct port of the Ruby 1.6 <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> code. With the release of Ruby 1.8.6, an effort began to update JRuby to 1.8.6 features and semantics. Since 2001, several contributors have assisted the project, leading to the current (2012) core team of around six members.

JRuby 1.1 added <a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">Just-in-time compilation</a> and <a href="AOT_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="AOT compiler">Ahead-of-time compilation</a> modes to JRuby and was already faster in most cases than the then-current Ruby 1.8.7 reference implementation.<a href="#cite_note-antoniocangiano-6">[6]</a>

JRuby packages are available for most platforms; <a href="Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora 9</a> was among the first to include it as a standard package at JRuby 1.1.1.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

In July 2009, the core JRuby developers at Sun Microsystems, Charles Oliver Nutter, Thomas Enebo and Nick Sieger, joined <a href="Engine_Yard" title="Engine Yard">Engine Yard</a> to continue JRuby development.<a href="#cite_note-engineyardmove-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In May 2012, Nutter and Enebo left Engine Yard to work on JRuby at <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-redhatmove-5">[5]</a>

JRuby has supported compatibility with <a href="Ruby_MRI" title="Ruby MRI">Ruby MRI</a> versions 1.6 through 1.9.3. JRuby 1.0 supported Ruby 1.8.6, with JRuby 1.4.0 updating that compatibility to Ruby 1.8.7. JRuby 1.6.0 added simultaneous support for Ruby 1.9.2, with JRuby 1.7.0 making Ruby 1.9.3 the default execution mode (Ruby 1.8.7 compatibility is available via a command-line flag). JRuby 9.0.0.0 added support for Ruby 2.2.

The current version of JRuby (9.4.3.0) targets Ruby 3.1, though some 3.1 features are still in work.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruby_on_Rails">Ruby on Rails</h3></div>

JRuby has been able to run the <a href="Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> web framework since version 0.9 (May 2006),<a href="#cite_note-railssup-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> with the ability to execute <a href="RubyGems" title="RubyGems">RubyGems</a> and <a href="WEBrick" title="WEBrick">WEBrick</a>. Since the hiring of the two lead developers by Sun, Rails compatibility and speed have improved greatly. JRuby version 1.0 successfully passed nearly all of Rails's own test cases.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Since then, developers have begun to use JRuby for Rails applications in production environments.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_virtual_machine_collaboration">Multiple virtual machine collaboration</h3></div>

On February 27, 2008, <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> and the <a href="University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> announced a joint-research project to implement a virtual machine capable of executing more than one <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> or JRuby application on one interpreter.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic_invocation_on_Java_Virtual_Machines">Dynamic invocation on Java Virtual Machines</h3></div>

<a href="JSR_292" class="mw-redirect" title="JSR 292">JSR 292</a> (Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages on the JavaTM Platform)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> proposes:

<ul><li>adding a new <code>invokedynamic</code> instruction at the JVM level, allowing method invocation using dynamic <a href="Type_system#Type_checking" title="Type system">type checking</a>,</li>

<li>dynamically changing classes and methods at runtime.</li></ul>

The Sun Open source project <a href="Da_Vinci_Machine" title="Da Vinci Machine">Multi Language Virtual Machine</a> aims to prototype this JSR.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The first working prototype, developed as a patch on <a href="OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a>, was announced and made available on end of August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

The JRuby team has implemented dynamic invocation into their codebase. Dynamic invocation initially shipped with the 1.1.5 release in a primitive form.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Version 1.7.0 enabled it by default on Java 8 builds.<a href="#cite_note-170release-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_history">Release history</h3></div>

This table presents only releases that present significant steps in JRuby history, aside from versions that mainly fixed bugs and improved performance. Performance improvements are also not shown in the table below, as every release has usually brought such improvements.

<th width="60">Release

</th>

<th width="110">Release Date

</th>

<th width="500">Highlights

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>August 1, 2006</td>

<td>Rails support<a href="#cite_note-railssup-11">[11]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>March 28, 2008</td>

<td>Performs better than Ruby MRI 1.8.7<a href="#cite_note-antoniocangiano-6">[6]</a> <a href="AOT_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="AOT compiler">AOT mode</a> and <a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT mode</a><a href="#cite_note-compilerComplete-22">[22]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>August 28, 2008</td>

<td>Refactored Java integration layer Beginning of Ruby 1.9 support <a href="Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">FFI</a> subsystem for calling <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> libraries<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>March 16, 2009</td>

<td><a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT</a> compiler for Ruby 1.9 Preliminary <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> support by the Ruboto project.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>JRuby runs in restricted environments better like <a href="Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">GAE/J</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>November 2, 2009</td>

<td>Windows Native Launcher and Windows installer Ruby 1.8.7 support

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Native Launcher for <a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>-based platforms Ant support and Rake-Ant integration Updates to the standard library, <a href="RubyGems" title="RubyGems">RubyGems</a>, and <a href="RSpec" title="RSpec">RSpec</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>March 15, 2011</td>

<td>Ruby 1.9.2 language and API compatibility Built-in profiler Experimental support for C extensions based on Ruby’s C API

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>October 22, 2012</td>

<td>Ruby 1.9.3 language is the default mode Support for <a href="Da_Vinci_Machine" title="Da Vinci Machine">invokedynamic</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Experimental Ruby 2.0 support (most features and <a href="Stdlib" class="mw-redirect" title="Stdlib">stdlib</a> included)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Ruby 2.x support New optimizing runtime New <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-friendly IO and Process

Fully ported encoding/transcoding logic from MRI

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>January 11, 2017

</td>

<td>Fixed serious LinkageError when using multiple threads

Fixed several keyword argument issues

Fixed several parser issues

Reduced memory use of the JIT

Update Psych to 2.2.2

Update jruby-openssl to 0.9.18

72 issues fixed

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Ruby 2.5 language support

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>October 30, 2019</td>

<td>Ruby 2.5.7 language support

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>December 2, 2021</td>

<td>Ruby 2.6.x language support

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>January 19, 2022</td>

<td>Ruby 2.6.x language support

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>March 23, 2022</td>

<td>Ruby 2.6.x language support

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>November 22, 2022</td>

<td>Ruby 3.1 language support

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>February 7, 2023</td>

<td>Ruby 3.1 language support

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>March 8, 2023</td>

<td>Ruby 3.1 language support

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Ruby 3.1 language support

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

Since early 2006, the current JRuby core team has endeavored to move JRuby beyond being a simple C port, to support better performance and to aid eventual compilation to <a href="Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java bytecode</a>. To support this end, the team set an ambitious goal: to be able to run Ruby on Rails unmodified using JRuby. In the process of achieving this goal, the JRuby test suite expanded to such extent that the team gained confidence in the "correctness" of JRuby. As a result, toward the end of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007, they began to commit much more complicated redesigns and refactorings of JRuby's core subsystems.

JRuby is designed to work as a mixed-mode virtual machine for Ruby, where code can be either interpreted directly, just-in-time compiled at runtime to Java bytecode, or ahead-of-time compiled to Java bytecode before execution. Until October 2007, only the <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreted</a> mode supported all Ruby's constructs, but a full AOT/JIT compiler is available since version 1.1.<a href="#cite_note-compilerComplete-22">[22]</a> The compiler design allows for interpreted and compiled code to run side-by-side, as well as <a href="Deoptimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoptimization">decompilation</a> to reoptimize and outputting generated bytecode as Java class files.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frameworks_support">Frameworks support</h2></div>

JRuby has built-in support for Rails, RSpec, <a href="Rake_(software)" title="Rake (software)">Rake</a>, and RubyGems. It embeds an FFI subsystem to allow the use of C libraries bundled as gems. It also allows launching the <a href="Interactive_Ruby_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive Ruby Shell">Interactive Ruby Shell</a> (irb) as Ruby MRI does.

The <a href="NetBeans#NetBeans_IDE_download_bundles" title="NetBeans">Netbeans Ruby Pack</a>, available in NetBeans 6, allows IDE development with Ruby and JRuby, as well as Ruby on Rails for the two implementations of Ruby.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

It is no longer included in NetBeans 7.0 and later.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming">Programming</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruby_meets_Java">Ruby meets Java</h3></div>

JRuby is similar to the standard Ruby interpreter except written in <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. JRuby features some of the same concepts, including <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, and <a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic typing</a> as Ruby. The key difference is that JRuby is tightly integrated with Java, and can be called directly from Java programs.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Java has significant footing in the development of web applications.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JRuby_calling_Java">JRuby calling Java</h3></div>

One powerful feature of JRuby is its ability to invoke the classes of the <a href="Java_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Platform">Java Platform</a>. To do this, one must first load JRuby's Java support, by calling "require 'java'". The following example creates a Java JFrame with a JLabel:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ruby mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>require 'java'

frame = javax.swing.JFrame.new

frame.getContentPane.add javax.swing.JLabel.new('Hello, World!')

frame.setDefaultCloseOperation javax.swing.JFrame::EXIT_ON_CLOSE

frame.pack

frame.set_visible true

</pre></div>

JRuby also allows the user to call Java code using the more Ruby-like <a href="Naming_conventions_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions (programming)">underscore method naming</a> and to refer to <a href="JavaBean" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaBean">JavaBean</a> properties as attributes:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ruby mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>frame.content_pane.add label

frame.visible = true

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calling_JRuby_from_Java">Calling JRuby from Java</h3></div>

JRuby can just as easily be called from Java, using either the <a href="JSR_223" class="mw-redirect" title="JSR 223">JSR 223</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Scripting for Java 6 or the <a href="Bean_Scripting_Framework" title="Bean Scripting Framework">Apache Bean Scripting</a> framework.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>//Example using JSR 233 Scripting for Java 6

ScriptEngineManager mgr = new ScriptEngineManager();

ScriptEngine rbEngine = mgr.getEngineByExtension("rb");

try {

rbEngine.eval("puts 'Hello World!'");

} catch (ScriptException ex) {

ex.printStackTrace();

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2></div>

According to some benchmarks, JRuby is faster than alternatives. Since implementations vary in how much code is loaded before execution, different methods of measuring speed can lead to biased interpretations of performance advantages. The time it takes for a <a href="Java_Virtual_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Virtual Machine">Java Virtual Machine</a> itself to load is often excluded from execution times when calculating benchmarks.

JRuby has the significant architectural advantage to be able to leverage JVM threads without being constrained by a <a href="Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">global interpreter lock</a> (similarly to <a href="Rubinius" title="Rubinius">Rubinius</a>), therefore achieving full parallelism within a process, which Ruby MRI cannot achieve despite leveraging OS threads.

In a real <a href="Mongrel_(web_server)" title="Mongrel (web server)">Mongrel</a> <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> application tested in 2007, JRuby performance is better than Ruby MRI 1.8, after the Java Virtual Machine had been instantiated.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

In a 2007 benchmark of Ruby implementations, JRuby was faster than Ruby MRI 1.8 in some tests, but <a href="YARV" title="YARV">YARV</a> outperformed both of them.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

As of April 2014, in <a href="The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game" title="The Computer Language Benchmarks Game">The Computer Language Benchmarks Game</a>, JRuby 1.7.4 typically has the same performance as Ruby MRI 2.1.0, but uses more memory.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="GraalVM" title="GraalVM">GraalVM</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Java_scripting_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Java scripting languages">List of Java scripting languages</a></li>

<li><a href="ZK_(framework)" title="ZK (framework)">ZK (framework)</a> – an Ajax framework supporting JRuby</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin" style="">

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKutner2012" class="citation book cs1">Kutner, Joe (August 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pragprog.com/book/jkdepj/deploying-with-jruby">Deploying with JRuby: Deliver Scalable Web Apps using the JVM</a> (First ed.). <a href="Pragmatic_Bookshelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragmatic Bookshelf">Pragmatic Bookshelf</a>. p. 200. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1934356975</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFO_NutterEneboSiegerBini2011" class="citation book cs1">O Nutter, Charles; Enebo, Thomas; Sieger, Nick; Bini, Ola; Dees, Ian (February 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usingjrubybringi00nutt_0/page/300">Using JRuby: Bringing Ruby to Java</a> (First ed.). <a href="Pragmatic_Bookshelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragmatic Bookshelf">Pragmatic Bookshelf</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usingjrubybringi00nutt_0/page/300">300</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1934356654</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEdelsonLiu2008" class="citation book cs1">Edelson, Justin; Liu, Henry (November 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jrubycookbook00edel/page/222">JRuby Cookbook</a> (First ed.). <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jrubycookbook00edel/page/222">222</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-596-51980-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBini2007" class="citation book cs1">Bini, Ola (September 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/330">Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: Bringing Ruby on Rails to Java</a> (First ed.). <a href="Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/330">330</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59059-881-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKutlerLeonard2009" class="citation book cs1">Kutler, Chris; Leonard, Brian (May 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120827112547/http://www.apress.com/book/view/1430216360">NetBeans Ruby and Rails IDE with JRuby</a> (First ed.). <a href="Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. p. 160. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4302-1636-0</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apress.com/book/view/1430216360">the original</a> on August 27, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2009.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jruby.org">Official website</a> </li></ul>

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</style><div id="Ruby_programming_language604" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby programming language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mruby" title="Mruby">mruby</a></li>

<li><a href="RubyMotion" title="RubyMotion">RubyMotion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MacRuby" title="MacRuby">MacRuby</a></li>

<li><a href="IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li>

<li>XRuby</li>

<li><a href="HotRuby" title="HotRuby">HotRuby</a></li>

<li><a href="MagLev_(software)" title="MagLev (software)">MagLev</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubinius" title="Rubinius">Rubinius</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aptana_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Aptana Studio">Aptana Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li>

<li><a href="RubyMine" class="mw-redirect" title="RubyMine">RubyMine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capistrano_(software)" title="Capistrano (software)">Capistrano</a></li>

<li><a href="Hackety_Hack" title="Hackety Hack">Hackety Hack</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_Ruby_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive Ruby Shell">Interactive Ruby Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Redmine" title="Redmine">Redmine</a></li>

<li><a href="RSpec" title="RSpec">RSpec</a></li>

<li><a href="RubyGems" title="RubyGems">RubyGems</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppet_(software)" title="Puppet (software)">Puppet</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagrant_(software)" title="Vagrant (software)">Vagrant</a></li>

<li><a href="Homebrew_(package_manager)" title="Homebrew (package manager)">Homebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="CocoaPods" title="CocoaPods">CocoaPods</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a> and <a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Adhearsion</li>

<li><a href="ERuby" title="ERuby">eRuby</a> (RHTML)</li>

<li><a href="Padrino_(web_framework)" title="Padrino (web framework)">Padrino</a></li>

<li><a href="RubyCocoa" title="RubyCocoa">RubyCocoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoes_(GUI_toolkit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoes (GUI toolkit)">Shoes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinatra_(software)" title="Sinatra (software)">Sinatra</a></li>

<li><a href="QtRuby" class="mw-redirect" title="QtRuby">QtRuby</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a> software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mongrel_(web_server)" title="Mongrel (web server)">Mongrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a> (mod_rails/mod_rack)</li>

<li><a href="WEBrick" title="WEBrick">WEBrick</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Heinemeier_Hansson" title="David Heinemeier Hansson">David Heinemeier Hansson</a></li>

<li><a href="Why_the_lucky_stiff" title="Why the lucky stiff">why the lucky stiff</a></li>

<li><a href="Dave_Thomas_(programmer)" title="Dave Thomas (programmer)">Dave Thomas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ruby_Document_format" title="Ruby Document format">Document format</a></li>

<li><a href="Why's_(poignant)_Guide_to_Ruby" title="Why's (poignant) Guide to Ruby">why's (poignant) Guide to Ruby</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruby_Central" title="Ruby Central">Ruby Central</a></li>

<li><a href="RubyKaigi" title="RubyKaigi">RubyKaigi</a></li>

<li><a href="RubyForge" title="RubyForge">RubyForge</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruby_License" title="Ruby License">Ruby License</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ruby_programming_language" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Ruby programming language">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Java_(software_platform)419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Java_(software_platform)419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java (software platform)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Java_Platform%2C_Micro_Edition" title="Java Platform, Micro Edition">Java ME</a> (Micro)</li>

<li><a href="Java_Platform%2C_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java SE</a> (Standard)</li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_EE" title="Jakarta EE">Jakarta EE</a> (Enterprise)</li>

<li><a href="Android_software_development#SDK" title="Android software development">Android SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="GraalVM" title="GraalVM">GraalVM</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oracle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Squawk_virtual_machine" title="Squawk virtual machine">Squawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Development_Kit" title="Java Development Kit">Java Development Kit</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaFX" title="JavaFX">JavaFX</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxine_Virtual_Machine" title="Maxine Virtual Machine">Maxine VM</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Java_applet" title="Java applet">Applets</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Servlets</a></li>

<li><a href="MIDlet" title="MIDlet">MIDlets</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Web_Start" title="Java Web Start">Web Start</a> (JNLP)</li>

<li><a href="Java_Platform_Module_System" title="Java Platform Module System">Modules</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major third-party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blackdown_Java" title="Blackdown Java">Blackdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Classpath" title="GNU Classpath">GNU Classpath</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Harmony</a></li>

<li><a href="Hibernate_(framework)" title="Hibernate (framework)">Hibernate</a></li>

<li><a href="IcedTea" title="IcedTea">IcedTea</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazelle" title="Jazelle">Jazelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_Framework" title="Spring Framework">Spring</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Struts" title="Apache Struts">Struts</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_TopLink" title="Oracle TopLink">TopLink</a></li>

<li><a href="WildFly" title="WildFly">WildFly</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Java_version_history" title="Java version history">Java version history</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Java_implementations" title="Free Java implementations">Free Java implementations</a></li>

<li>Slogan: <a href="Write_once%2C_run_anywhere" title="Write once, run anywhere">Write once, run anywhere</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_JVM_languages" title="List of JVM languages">JVM languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="BeanShell" title="BeanShell">BeanShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li>

<li><a href="Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a></li>

<li><a href="Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Processing" title="Processing">Processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a></li>

<li><a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JavaOne" title="JavaOne">JavaOne</a></li>

<li><a href="Devoxx" title="Devoxx">Devoxx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_Foundation" title="Eclipse Foundation">Eclipse Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, <a href="Sun_Microsystems_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Microsystems Laboratories">Sun Microsystems Laboratories</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_van_Hoff" title="Arthur van Hoff">Arthur van Hoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Urs_H%C3%B6lzle" title="Urs Hölzle">Urs Hölzle</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Naughton" class="new" title="Patrick Naughton (page does not exist)">Patrick Naughton</a></li></ul>

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